USP Codes are listed in brackets by the 1991 USP code followed by the 2003 USP code (i.e. [M2<>QB]).

2040. Human Anatomy. 4. [S1<>SB] Study of human structure in terms of its microscopic and gross anatomy. Provides students with adequate background to study human physiological function. The corresponding course, to be taken concurrently, is ZOO/KIN 2041. Cross listed with KIN 2040. Prerequisite: LIFE 1000 or 1010.

2041. Human Anatomy Laboratory. 1. [S1<>SB] A laboratory study of human structure in terms of human microscopic and gross anatomy. This laboratory course is designed to provide students with an adequate background to study human physiology and kinesiological function. Prerequisite: KIN/ZOO 2040 or concurrent enrollment.

2450. Principles of Fish and Wildlife Management. 3. Emphasizes principles of habitat and population biology and management, human dimensions of wildlife management, as well as law and policy. Prerequisites: LIFE 1010 and 2020. (Normally offered spring semester)

3010. Vertebrate Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology. 4. Provides a comprehensive overview of vertebrate anatomy. The structural organization, embryological derivation, and histological organization of the major organ systems will be emphasized. The evolution and functional organization of anatomical structure will also be emphasized. Includes laboratory sessions. Fulfills degree requirement in physiology subsection for zoology major.  Prerequisites: LIFE 2022 or equivalent, and a semester of chemistry.

3021. Physiology of Exercise. 4. [M3<>(none)] Applies physiological principles to human physical activities, emphasizing interaction of neuromuscular, circulatory and respiratory mechanisms as affecting and affected by immediate exercise situation and physical training. Includes laboratory. Cross listed with KIN 3021. Prerequisites: ZOO 2040 and 2110.

3115.  Human Systems Physiology. 4. Covers the fundamental function(s) of the human body systems, from cells and tissues through organs and systems, focusing also on biological communication and homeostasis.  Students learn how to interpret physiological data.  Includes laboratory and tutorial sessions.  Fulfills degree requirement in physiology subsection for zoology major.  Cross listed with KIN 3115. Prerequisites: grade of C or above in LIFE 1010/BIOL 1010; CHEM 1020 (preferred) or CHEM 1000; sophomore standing.

3600. Principles of Animal Behavior. 3. Intensively introduces scientific study of animal behavior. Utilizes evolutionary, ecological and physiological approach. Prerequisite: introductory course in zoology, biology or psychology; or consent of instructor. (Normally offered spring semester)

4100. Writing in Zoology. 3. [W3<>WC, I, L] Writing intensive course, for zoology and physiology, biology and botany majors. Teaches students to write in the format of biological disciplines. Students must be concurrently enrolled in an upper-division 3-4 hours ZOO, BOT or BIOL course or have successfully completed such a class. Prerequisites: WA, WB and prior or concurrent registration for an upper division ZOO, BOT, LIFE/BIOL course. (Offered fall and spring semesters)

4110. HIV/AIDS: The Disease and the Dilemma. 3. Explores the basic biology of the HIV virus, and its effects upon the human body, the magnitude of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, treatment and prevention of AIDS, and the social, political, economic, and legal issues of HIV/AIDS. Prerequisite: LIFE 1000 or 1010 or consent of the instructor.

4125 [3120]. Human Integrative Physiology. 4. Examines how functional organ systems are coordinated and integrated to establish and maintain health. It considers, among others, the functions of the endocrine and central nervous systems. Dual listed with ZOO 5125. Prerequisites: grade of C or higher in ZOO 3115; and/or a Pharmacy 1 standing.

4140. Histology. 4. Studies microscopic structure of principal types of mammalian tissues. Correlates structure and function. Most laboratory preparations are from human tissues. Dual listed with ZOO 5140. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020. (Normally offered spring semester)

4190 [4230]. Comparative Environmental Physiology. 4. Studies and interprets principles of physiology which adapt animals to various environmental constraints. Introduces discipline which has risen between traditional fields of physiology and ecology and pro-vides understanding of animal distribution and survival. Fulfills degree requirements in physiology subsection for the zoology major. Dual listed with ZOO 5190. Prerequisites: LIFE 2020 and one year of chemistry. (Normally offered spring semester)

4280. Introduction to Neuroscience. 3. Examines the basic electrical properties of neurons and from there identifies determinants of brain development, how neuronal "circuits" are formed and how these neuronal systems enable the processing of sensory information, coordinated movement, adaptation to the environment, and other complex functions (e.g. sleep, sex). Dual listed with ZOO 5280. Prerequisite: ZOO 3115 or equivalent.

4290. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Animal Behavior. 3. Studies ways in which nervous systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates contribute to and control their behavioral repertories. Focuses on aspects of sensory physiology with brief orientation to structure and function of nervous systems. Presents analysis neural control of movement. Includes laboratory demonstrations. Prerequisite: introductory course in zoology, biology or psychology.

4300 [4720]. Principles of Wildlife Ecology and Management. 5. Integrates concepts of vertebrate ecology with the art of wildlife management, stressing approaches to deal with the inherent uncertainty of managing populations. Strategies to increase or decrease populations of target species, tools used to determine population status (e.g., viability analysis, monitoring, habitat assessment), and ecosystem management approaches. Laboratory included. Dual listed with ZOO 5300. Prerequisites: LIFE 2400. (Offered fall semester)

4310 [4730]. Fisheries Management. 3. Acquaints students with theory and techniques of inland fisheries management. Includes methods of evaluating growth and production, rates of mortality and recruitment and use of yield models in fisheries biology. Includes laboratory and field exercises. Dual listed with ZOO 5310. Prerequisite: ZOO 4330 or consent of instructor. (Normally offered fall semester)

4330 [4750]. Ichthyology. 3. Studies anatomy, physiology and classification of fishes, emphasizing classification and identification of Wyoming fishes. Includes laboratory. Dual listed with ZOO 5330. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020. (Normally offered spring semester)

4340. Developmental Biology and Embryology. 4. Introduces study of vertebrate embryology and cellular differentiation. Includes gametogenesis, fertilization, blastulation and organogenesis, growth and differentiation, teratology, metamorphosis, re-generation and asexual reproduction. Emphasizes mechanisms that create form and regulate cellular differentiation. Dual listed with ZOO 5340. Prerequisite: one year of life sciences, one year of chemistry or consent of instructor. (Normally offered spring semester)

4350 [4780]. Ornithology. 3. Acquaints students with classification, identification, morphology, distribution, natural history and ecology of the birds of North America. Includes laboratory. Dual listed with ZOO 5350. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020. (Normally offered spring semester)

4370 [4790]. Mammalogy. 3. Studies mammals of the world, emphasizing natural history, distribution, taxonomy, ecology and morphology of mammalian species. Includes laboratory. Dual listed with ZOO 5370. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020. (Normally offered fall semester)

4380. Herpetology. 3. Introduces the ecology, behavior, morphology, evolution, systematics and conservation of reptiles and amphibians. Dual listed with ZOO 5380. Prerequisites: LIFE2022.

4390. Environmental Toxicology. 3. Explores the disciplines of aquatic and wildlife toxicology from environmental, chemical, and regulatory perspectives. Emphasis on standard environmental toxicology testing methods, field studies, statistical analyses, and mechanistic principles, with discussions of contemporary issues in the field. Dual listed with ZOO 5390. Prerequisites: none.

4400. Population Ecology. 3. [M3<>(none)] Explores quantitative ecology of animal populations, emphasizing theoretical and empirical work. Provides modern coverage of principles of population ecology for wildlife majors and others who expect to deal with ecological problems in their careers. Dual listed with ZOO 5400. Prerequisites: LIFE 1010, 2400 and STAT 2050 or consent of instructor. (Normally offered spring semester)

4415. Behavioral Ecology. 3. Behavioral ecology applies empirical and theoretical approaches to ecological and evolutionary underpinnings for behaviors ranging from foraging and predation to social grouping and mating systems. Emphasizes comparative analyses (what phylogenetic patterns exist across diverse species?) as well as genetic/fitness benefits (how do individuals benefit from apparently puzzling behaviors?). Dual listed with ZOO 5415. Prerequisites: ZOO 3600 or ZOO 3400 or permission of the instructor.

4425. Genetic Markers. 3. Overview of the use of genetic, molecular markers for the analysis of natural populations of plants and animals. Approaches range from individual identification to systematics, with a core focus on populations. Prerequisite: LIFE 4000.

4430. Limnology Laboratory. 2. Utilizes basic field techniques in limnology. Emphasizes analysis and interpretation of data obtained from field and laboratory exercises. Prerequisite: concurrent registration in ZOO 4440 or consent of instructor. (Offered fall semester)

4440. Limnology. 3. Studies ecology of inland waters; biological, chemical and physical features on lakes and streams. Prerequisites: LIFE 1010, 2400 and one year of chemistry or consent of instructor. (Offered fall semester)

4540. Invertebrate Zoology. 4. Studies major invertebrate phyla of the animal kingdom. Studies each phylum with respect to morphological and taxonomic characteristics; functional and evolutionary relationships; environmental adaptations; life cycles of representative types. Includes laboratory. Dual listed with ZOO 5540. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020. (Offered fall semester)

4550. Wetland Ecology. 3. Study of the function of inland and coastal wetlands: hydrology, biogeochemistry, microbial ecology, distribution and production of algae and macrophytes, decomposition, contaminant processing, ecology of invertebrates and vertebrates, and foodweb structure. Roles of wetlands in aquatic and terrestrial landscapes, wetland classification schemes, and conservation programs. One-day field trip required. Dual listed with ZOO 5550. Prerequisites: LIFE 1010; LIFE 2020 or 2023; CHEM 1030.

4670. Cell Physiology. 4. Focuses on the cellular mechanisms, functions, and pathways that define the cell as the fundamental living unit. Topics include metabolism, second messengers, cell ultrastructure, membrane excitability, transport physiology, contractile systems, cell division, and programmed cell death. Dual listed with ZOO 5670. Prerequisites: MOLB 3610, LIFE 4600.

4735. [5730] Advanced Topics in Physiology. 1-4 (Max. 12). Designed for graduate students specializing in physiology or related fields. Examples of topics include endocrinology, cardiovascular, renal, neurological, respiratory, and metabolic physiology. Integrative topics (e.g. circadian rhythms, thermal stress) may also be included. Dual listed with ZOO 5735. Prerequisites: ZOO 3115 and 3120 or equivalent as approved by the instructor.

4740. Fish Culture and Nutrition. 3. Studies methods in artificial propagation of fishes. Includes spawning, hatchery methods, water quality requirements and nutritional requirements. Includes laboratory. Prerequisite: LIFE 2020, CHEM 1020 or consent of instructor. (Normally offered fall semester)

4900. Problems. (B) 1-8 (Max. 8) For advanced students. Studies some particular problem or phase of zoology, or presents reviews and discussions of current advancement in zoological investigations. Content is arranged to suit individual needs of students. Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory only. Prerequisites: LIFE 2020 and other courses necessary to pursue the problem selected; prior written consent of the instructor.

4970. Internship in Wildlife Management. 1 (Max. 1). Provides practical field experience in resource management for undergraduate credit. Offered for S/U only. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. (Normally offered fall semester)

4971. Internship in Zoology and Physiology. 1-3 (Max. 6). Provides practical experience in selected biological fields by working with a professional to help bridge the gap between academic and the world of work. Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory only. Prerequisites: LIFE 2020 and consent of instructor.

4975. Practicum in Laboratory Instruction 1-3 (Max 6). For advanced students. Students will assist GAs and professors in laboratory preparation and demonstration in undergraduate teaching labs. Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory only. Prerequisites: LIFE 2020 and consent of instructor.

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