ECL Style Guide July ‘07 |
For printable text-only version Click Here |
Eighteenth-Century Life
first adheres to the rules
in this style guide. For issues not covered in the style guide, refer to
the fifteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (hereinafter, CMS15)
for guidance.
Eighteenth-Century Life
prefers to receive
submissions by e-mail, either in Microsoft Word or in WordPerfect. If that
is not possible, sending in 3 ½” disks is preferable to submitting mss. If mss.
are submitted, please send three copies.
ABBREVIATIONS
Corporate, municipal, national, and supranational abbreviations and acronyms
appear in full caps. Most initialisms (abbreviations pronounced as strings
of letters) are preceded by the.
Latin
abbreviations, such as e.g. and i.e., are usually restricted to
parenthetical text and set in Roman type, not italics, except for sic,
which is italicized for visibility’s sake. Pace, Latin for
"contrary to," is italicized to avoid confusion with "pace."
Personal initials have periods and are spaced.
W. E. B. DuBois; C. D. Wright
State
abbreviations, not postal abbreviations, are used for state names in the “Books
Received” section. State abbreviations appear in CM 15.29—when there are
two choices, use the first one.
Wilmington, Del. (not DE)
Washington, D.C. (not DC)
BYLINE AND AFFILIATION
The
author’s name and affiliation appear on the opening page of each article. No abbreviations are used within the affiliation. If more than one author
appears, an ampersand separates the authors.
James Smith
University of Arizona
John Abrams
University of Florida
&
Maureen O’Brien
University of Virginia
AMPERSANDS
The use
of ampersands is limited to “The College of William & Mary” on the cover, on the
title page, and in copyright slugs, and to separating multiple authors in the
byline on article-opening pages.
CAPITALIZATION. See also SPELLING AND TERMS
Terms
A down
(lowercase) style is generally preferred for terms, but proper nouns and their
derivatives are usually capitalized. See CMS15, chap. 8, for more detailed
guidelines on capitalization of terms.
After a Colon
If the
material following a colon consists of more than one sentence, or if it is a
formal statement, a quotation, or a speech in dialogue, it should begin with a
capital letter. Otherwise, it may begin with a lowercase letter.
Quotations
Silently correct the initial capitalization in quotations depending on the
position of the quotation to the rest of the sentence (see CMS15, 11.16). For
instance:
Smith
stated that “we must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
but
Smith
stated, “We must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
If, however, the quotation is lines of poetry, retain the
capitalization of the initial letters of the lines, no matter what the
grammatical relationship of the poem to the sentence may be:
The hint is made explicit, when "The Ghosts of traitors from
the Bridge descend, / With bold Fanatick Spectres to rejoyce."
Don’t use brackets to
indicate the change of case for an initial letter—just change it (CMS15, 11.16)
An
original lowercase letter following a period plus three dots should remain
lowercase. If the resumption after the ellipses begins a new sentence, then
capitalize it.
The
spirit of our American radicalism is destructive. . . . the conservative
movement . . .
Titles of Works
Titles
of modern English-language works follow regular title capitalization per CMS15,
8.167. For hyphenated words (like "eighteenth-century"), capitalize both
elements, because it looks better and it more closely matches
Eighteenth-Century Life. Titles of English-language works published before the twentieth
century should retain the original style of capitalization, and original
spelling, though a word in full caps will take an initial capital letter. In capitalizing titles in any non-English language, including French,
capitalize the first letter of the title and subtitle and all proper nouns.
Titles of Royalty (CMS15, 8.34)
The
duke; the Duke and Duchess of Windsor
The
earl; the Earl of Shaftesbury; previous earls of Shaftesbury
The
prince; Prince Charles; the Prince of Wales; the Prince Regent
The
King of England; but a king of England, when it’s not a specific king when the generic term is used alone, without the specific
title, it's lower-case
e.g., When he brought this to the
attention of the king,...
Titles of French officials, e.g.,
comptroller general, intendant, are not ordinarily capitalized (CM15 10.28ff).
In names of French organizations, only the first substantive is capitalized.
l'Academie française
In French, generic words denoting roadways, squares, and the like, are lowercased, with the proper name capitalized.
le place de l'Opéra
In French, names of buildings are usually capitalized [we're considering bridges as buildings]:
le Palais du Louvre
Pont Neuf
CAPTIONS
For the sake of consistency, captions will end with terminal punctuation:
Parenthetical references to figures are done like this: (figure 3)
Figure
1. John Smith, View of the Village Green (1756). Courtesy British Museum.
May
1768
1 May
1768 – our standard form
September–October 1789
from
1967 to 1970
1960s
counterculture; sixties [not 60s or ’60s] counterculture
the
1980s and 1990s
mid-1970s American culture
the
late twentieth century; late-twentieth-century Kenya
the
mid-eighteenth century; mid-eighteenth-century America
When a month + day date appears in a sentence, write it out so that it’s pronounceable, i.e., “The events occurred on August 16th.” “They convened on December 2nd.”
When inclusive years appear in titles, give the full years, i.e.,1752-1796
Always repeat the last two
digits of inclusive numbers; if more than two digits change, give the whole
numbers; in titles, however, years are always given in full,
A.D. 873
[abbreviation A.D. precedes year]; the year 640 C.E.
But
B.C. follows the year, 43 B.C.
5:00 a.m. 6:30 p.m. (no space)
9:30 a.m., but nine thirty in the morning (CM15 15.44)
DIACRITICS
In
Romance languages, do not use diacritics with capital letters; in other
languages, use diacritics with capital letters.
DOCUMENTATION AND BOOKS RECEIVED
Endnotes are used; there is no bibliography. The first citation of a work
provides full bibliographic information, and the author's name should be given
in full (i.e., don't use just the last name). After the first citation, use parenthetical citations
and include the minimum information necessary for clarity, which is often just a
page number, without p. or pp., e. g. (36). When that
isn’t clear, give author’s name and page number (Smith, 36), and if that isn’t
clear, give author, abbreviated title, and page number (Smith, Contrasts,
36). The idea is to give the necessary information, but not to impede the
flow of the text. If it turns out that the parenthetical note would be
clumsy, for example, when more than one work is being cited, then use an end
note.
Subsequent citations in the endnotes should also be abbreviated; however, here
it is appropriate to use author, short title, and page number.
In
abbreviated titles, omit the article, i.e., Bingham, The Bastille,
becomes Bingham, Bastille. Also, in abbreviating the title, do not
merely give one word, but go as far as a complete-looking short title. Thus, Gerbers, The Formulation of English in Eighteenth-Century Society
becomes Gerbers, The Formulation of English.
We avoid ibid, op cit., and loc. cit, eadem, idem, infra, and supra; passim is
allowed, as is ff. (for "the following"). Commonly
used abbreviations include ca. (for “circa”), chap. (chaps.), cf., ed. (eds.),
for either editor (editors) or edition (editions), e.g., esp., et al., etc., facs. (for “facsimile”), fig.
(figs.), fol. (fols.), i.e., ill. (ills.), l. (ll.), n. (nn.), no. (nos.) p. (pp.), pt.
(pts.), qtd. (for “quoted in”), rep. (for “reprint”), rev., ser.,
sig., trans., vol.
(vols.). Latin abbreviations are not italicized. Ordinal numerals
are used to designate centuries in the notes, and “century” is abbreviated as
“c.”: “18th-c. literature is commonly misunderstood” and “the early 20th c. saw
the birth of academia in Chicago.” Publisher names are shortened with the
following abbreviations: Univ., Assoc., Foun., Inst., Lib.
Superscript note numbers go only at the end of sentences, not in the middle. Parenthetical page references go as close to the quoted passage as possible,
following the example of line numbers (ll. 184-92), except when a series of
quotations in a sentence can be more compactly annotated by a covering
parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence or at the end of a paragraph.
Superscript numbers should be Arabic. For some loony reason, the default
mode for end notes in Microsoft Word uses Roman numerals. The default can
be changed by clicking on Tools, then Reference, then Footnotes
(which also means “Endnotes”).
Sample Note Citations
Single-Volume Book
1.
Eleanor M. Jacobs, The Colonial Controversy in Vermont (Bloomington:
Indiana Univ., 1975), 44.
State
abbreviations are not normally given for familiar presses and universities, on
the theory that most readers will know where New Haven or Los Angeles is, or can
find out readily enough. State names, using Chicago Manual abbreviations
(CMS15, 29), are given only for obscure publishers, obscure locations, or where
there is some chance for confusion if the state is not given. Similarly,
country names are not given.
2.
James Smith, Life on the Isle of Skye, Orkney, and the Hebrides, 1750–1775
(Inverness: Northern Lights), 321.
[Note:
Insert a serial comma and a comma before dates in titles, even if the commas are
not present on the work’s title page. Also, no ampersands are used in
titles, even if they appear on the title page.]
3.
Chris Unwin, Robert Arnold, and David Waller, The End of Time (New York:
Apollo, 1975), 24–28.
[Note:
“New York,” rather than “N.Y.,” is used to designate New York City. Also,
only one city is used for the place of the publication, even if two are listed
on the title page.]
4.
Jacobs, Colonial Controversy, 60.
[Note:
The style for a subsequent citation in the endnotes is author, short title,
page(s), without “p.” or “pp.”
5.
Unwin and Arnold, 31.
[Note:
No short title for above citation because it’s cited only once.]
When there is no publisher given, which is often normal for
earlier works: (London, 1769).
If you need to cite a note, say on page 143, the appropriate form is:
143n. The period is used only if this is at the end of a citation; otherwise, it's 143n, 237nn, 311. If we want to indicate a specific note on that page, the citation is: 15n29 Again, a period only if this is the end of a sentence. For volume plus page plus note, 1:15n29
Edition and Reprint
6.
Lorelie Bingham, Teaching Good Composition to Graduate Students, 2nd edn.
(New York: Oxford Univ., 1967), 361.
7.
Eleanor M. Jacobs, Colonial Florida, 3rd edn. (Gainesville: Univ. of
Florida, 1995), 78.
8. Anne
Carson, First Poems (1967; rep. New York: First Light, 2003).
Note
that the “rd” in 3rd is not raised; this is done automatically in
Word. To turn off the function, go to Tools, then
Auto-Correct, then Auto-format as you type, under which you take the
check out of the box entitled “Ordinals (1st) with superscript.”
9.
Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees [1714] (London: J. Roberts,
1756).
[When
using older books that are not first editions, it is helpful to indicate the
date of first publication in brackets after the title when the annotation
appears in a note—date of publication for a title in the text should be in
parentheses rather than brackets. Since it is
difficult to determine whether early editions are reprints or new typesetting,
we will use “rep.” only for works that we know are reprints, which mostly
applies to modern works.]
Old Books
For
books printed in the seventeenth or eighteenth century, give publisher if
possible, but if not possible, just give place and date, e.g., (London, 1772). We do not use “n.p.” as an abbreviation for “no publisher.”
Chapter in Edited Collection
10.
Andrew R. Walkling, “Politics and the Restoration Masque: The Case of Dido
and Aeneas,” in Culture and Society in the Stuart Restoration:
Literature, Drama, History, ed. Gerald Maclean (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.,
1995), 58. [ed. after a title means “edited by,” so we do not use “eds.” if
there are more than one editor]
If the book does not have pagination, it is appropriate to indicate the signature, and recto or verso, in the following format:
sig.G3r-v.
This is how a British Library folio citation would be cited:
BL, Add. MSS 32699, fols. 52-53.
sig.G3r-v -- Note, no period after r or v for recto or verso (CM 17.136)
Translation
11.
Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1987), 5.
Multivolume Work
13.
John Dryden, “Prologue” to The Prophetess, vol. 3 of The Works of John
Dryden (Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1969), 255. [One volume is cited
individually.]
14.
Writings of Tom Paine, ed. Moncure Daniel Conway, 4 vols. (New York: G. D.
Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 1:61. [The work as a whole is cited.]
Journal Article
13.
Robert D. Hume, “The Politics of Opera in Late-Seventeenth-Century London,”
Cambridge Opera Journal 10 (1998): 15–43.
[Note:
Journal titles are not abbreviated.]
[We
prefer authors not use issue numbers, since this is generally unnecessary
information and clutters the citations. The rule is: use issue numbers
only when the journal paginates each issue of a volume separately, as is the
case for ECLife. For most scholarly journals, however, pagination
is continuous throughout each volume, in which case authors should omit issue
numbers as well as month or season.]
13.
DeeAnn DeLuna, “Robinson Crusoe, Virginal Hero of the Commercial North,”
Eighteenth-Century Life 28.1 (2004): 69-91. [a journal that has separate
pagination for each issue of a volume]
14.
William Traversi, “Patriarchal-Maternal Vampire Cross-Dressing Fetishes,”
Eighteenth-Century Studies 30 (1997): 312-14. [A journal that has continuous
pagination throughout each volume]
In
pagination, if a colon is preceded by an Arabic number, do not put a space
between the colon and the Arabic numbers to follow; if the colon is preceded by
a parenthesis or bracket, it is appropriate to put a space between the colon and
the Arabic numbers to follow (CMS15, 17.169), thus:
Isaiah
12:23-25 Critical Inquiry 18 (1986): 164-85.
Magazine Article
15.
Serafina Ambera, “Witches and Wizards in the American Colonies,” New Yorker,
June 21, 2003, 35.
[Note:
The is dropped before periodicals in the notes per CMS15, 17.194.]
Drop
The before modern newspapers, magazines, etc. For eighteenth-century
periodicals, retain ‘the’ for the most familiar ones, e.g., The
Idler, The Tatler,
The Craftsman, The Spectator, The Guardian, The Rambler, The Times,
The Gentleman's Magazine, The Edinburgh Review, The Examiner, since
we are using original orthography everywhere else. For less familiar ones,
omit ‘the’: Morning Post, Evening Chronicle, Star,
Monthly Review, London Magazine, London Chronicle. This is what
authors have been doing automatically, so we’ll go with it.
This is the format for modern magazines and periodicals; since in the 18th-century it is impossible to distinguish between journals and magazines, treat 18th-century periodical titles like modern periodicals, with volume number, where available, followed by date in parentheses.
For periodicals, if the date is known, the entry is:
The Idler 22 (16 September 1758) - i.e., modern documentation style
If the reference lacks the date, the reference is:
The Idler 22 – i.e., no comma between issue and number, following the modern documentation style above: if there’s auxiliary information, for example, pertaining to a volume in which the essay is reprinted, then it’s:
The Idler 22, 3:145
Newspaper Article
16. Ann
Bermingham, “Old Masters of the Hunt,” Times Literary Supplement, 4
August 1989. [Note: Page cite not necessary per CMS15, 17.188.]
Dissertation
17. Joe
Thomas, “Eroticism and American Pop Art” (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Univ. of
Texas at Austin, 1992), 73.
Paper or Presentation
18.
Donald Gilmore, “What Does Hermeneutics Really Mean in Art?” (paper presented at
the annual meeting of the College Art Association, Boston, 13 February 1989).
Interview
19.
Paul Taylor, interview with the author, Springfield, Mass., 24 June 1998.
Letters, Memoranda, Petitions, Reports, Manuscripts, Web sites (CM 17.76)
Elizabeth Montagu to Edward Montagu, Bath, [31 August 1765], MO 2575.
(this is when the date is conjectural - when known, omit brackets)
The word 'letter' is not necessary. But if it's a report or a petition, it should be identified as such. When citing 18th-century petitions, stick to original capitalization, as we do in 18th-century book titles.
Materials in Special Collections & Classical References:
Here is how we handle such things as British Museum and British Library
materials: on first appearance, spell out British Museum; afterwards, abbreviate
as follows (CM15 17.354)
BL, Add. MSS 26645
PRO, CO 137-48
Here is a standard entry for British Museum Catalogue, which is different from just the British Library
BMC, nos. 9863 (8:78), 9869 (8:81-82), and 9872 (8:83-84).
For references to acts of parliament and the like, see CM 17.336ff. The proper shorthand reference to an Act of Parliament can be:
Calico Act, 7 Geo. I, c. 7 (1721).
Note: the regnal information is sufficiently specific, according to CM 17.346, but we’re adding the year of the act in parentheses, since people will not be able to figure out regnal years at the drop of a hat.
Classical References
Horace Odes 1.22 (CM 17.250)
Here's how we do Loeb Classical Library editions:
Dialogues of the Gods, trans. M. D. MacLeod, vol. 7 of Lucian,
Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard Univ., 1961), 280-91, and 268-75.
Websites
Include author, title of the page in quotation marks, title
of the owner of the site, URL:
Richard Norton, "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook,"
http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk
In this case, there is no separate owner of the site.
Sample Entries for the “Books Received” Section
Book with Single Author
Ballantyne, Andrew. Architecture, Landscape, and Liberty: Richard Payne
Knight and the Picturesque (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1998). Pp. 315.
$110. ISBN 0-521-46200-2
Multiauthor
Abrams,
John, and Maureen O’Brien. Eighteenth-Century Dreams, Twentieth-Century
Nightmares (London: New Athens, 2001). Pp. 224. $39.95 paper. ISBN
0-817-52849-7 [Insert “paper” after price, if applicable.]
Edited Collection/Anthology
Saxton,
Kristen T., and Rebecca P. Bocchicchio, eds. The Passionate Fictions of Eliza
Haywood (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky, 2000). Pp. 384. $32.50. ISBN
0-521-79269-X
Edition and Reprint
Bongie,
Laurence L. David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-Revolution. 2nd edn.
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). Pp. 213. $12 paper. ISBN 0-86597-209-5
Small,
Robert. An Account of the Astronomical Discoveries of Kepler (1804; rep. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin, 1963). Pp. 212. $25 paper. ISBN
0-671-56996-0
Multivolume
Hovey,
Serge. The Robert Burns Songbook, vols. 1 and 2 (Pacific, Calif.: Mel
Bay, 1997 and 2001). Pp. 232, 240. $25 and $29.95 paper. ISBN 0-7866-3046-9 and
0-7866-3047-7
Translation
Frobenius, Nikolaj. De Sade’s Valet, trans. Tom Geddes (New York: Marion
Boyars, 2000). Pp. 239. $14.95. ISBN 0-7145-3060-3
Series
Title of a series is not italicized and not put in quotation marks. Capitalization follows normal headline style used for titles. The number
of the item in the series follows the series title, with no intervening
comma.
Charges to the Grand Jury 1689-1803, ed. Georges Lamoine, Camden Fourth Series 43 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1992), 319-24.
Illustrations
Goodman, Elise, edn. Art and Culture in the Eighteenth Century: New
Dimensions and Multiple Perspectives (Newark: Univ. of Delaware, 2001). Pp.
162. 44 ills. $52.50. ISBN 0-87413-740-3
Ross,
Stephanie. What Gardens Mean (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago, 2001). Pp. 271.
68 ills., incl. 8 color. $25 paper. ISBN 0-226-72807-2
Titles
Titles of poems are set in
Roman type, capitalized, and set within quotation marks. Long poems, and poems
published separately as books, are in italics (CMS15, 8.191); titles of plays
are italicized (CMS15, 8.193).
Titles within Titles
Titles within titles: italicize (CMS 15, 17.58)
"The Idler" and "The Adventurer," ed. W. J. Bate, John M. Bullitt and L. F. Powell (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1963), 69.
Citing Poetic Lines
Usually, line numbers,
with “l.” or “ll.” will suffice. In the event that the poem is subdivided
so that it has cantos or stanzas, then use the orthography of the text rather
than converting everything to Arabic numbers, thus: Canto II, ll. 212-14.
Book III, ll. 22-44. Once book, stanza, canto, or other sections are
established, omit repeating the name of the section: subsequent references would
be (II, 426-28). Canto and
book are not capitalized (CM 8.194)
Here’s how we do
abbreviated references to plays: (II.iii.74-78). While the modern trend is to do
this all in Arabic numbers, we prefer the old style because of ease of
separating act, scene, and line number—and in fact, this is how they inevitably
appear in the majority of authoritative texts, in Roman caps, Roman small, and
arabic for lines.
ELLIPSES. See also CAPITALIZATION
Three
dots, with spaces between, indicate an ellipsis within a sentence or fragment; a
period plus three dots with spaces between indicates an ellipsis between
sentences, even when the end of the first sentence (if still grammatically
complete) is omitted. In general, ellipses are not used before a quotation
(whether it begins with a grammatically complete sentence or not) or after a
quotation (if it ends with a grammatically complete sentence), unless the
ellipses serve a definite purpose. See CMS15, 11.57–61, for more detailed
guidelines on the use of ellipses.
EPIGRAPHS
The
epigraph source includes the author’s name or the author’s name, title of the
work, and, if pertinent, date. No other bibliographical information is
required; note superscripts should not follow an epigraph source. Epigraphs are flush left.
EXTRACTS. See also CAPITALIZATION and ELLIPSES
In
general, quotations longer than eighty words (usually more than four lines) in
length are set off as extracts. The editors, however, may set off shorter
quotations at their discretion.
INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
Avoid
sexist language and terms that are gender specific (chairman, mankind, etc.). Never allow the form s/he. State both pronouns—he or she/him or
her/his or her—or recast the sentence in the plural. Avoid alternating
the use of masculine and feminine pronouns in an article.
INITIALS. See
ABBREVIATIONS
NUMBERS. See also DATES
Cardinal and ordinal numbers from one to ninety-nine, such numbers followed by
hundred, any number at the beginning of a sentence, and common fractions
are spelled out. Fractions are hyphenated as well.
no
fewer than six of the eight victims
no more
than fifty-two hundred gallons
One
hundred eighty-seven people were put to death there during the twenty-third
century b.c. (B.C. being in small
caps.)
at
least two-thirds of the electorate
fully
38,000 citizens [use commas for numbers of four or more digits, except, of
course, for years]
Numbers
applicable to the same category, however, are treated alike in the same context.
no
fewer than 6 of the 113 victims
Almost
twice as many people voted Republican in the 115th precinct as in the 23rd.
Numbers
that express decimal quantities, dollar amounts, and percentages are written as
figures.
an
average of 2.6 years
more than $56, or 8 percent of the petty cash
a
decline of $.30 per share
Note that in humanistic texts, the word "percent" is written out, but the number
is in Arabic rather than spelled out:
40 to 50 percent of the prisoners
British currency is abbreviated as follows:
₤106 4s. 6d.
Inclusive numbers follow the Booth-Reverand protocol, because it’s simpler than
CMS 15 with its nine separate rules: always give the last two digits; if more
than the last two digits change, then give the entire number:
1-13,
74-75, 100-10, 324-33, 397-403, 1462-78, 1462-1503.
Exception: when inclusive years appear in titles, give all four digits, i.e.,
1789-1791.
Roman
numerals are used in the pagination of preliminary matter in books, in family
names and the names of monarchs and other leaders in a succession, in the names
of world wars, and in statutory titles. They are also used for the
traditional division of Acts and scenes: III.ii.136-37.
On page
iii Bentsen sets out his agenda.
Neither
John D. Rockefeller IV, Elizabeth II, nor John Paul II was born before World War
I.
Yet
Title XII was meant to rectify not only inequities but iniquities.
Arabic
numerals are used for the parts of books.
In part
2, chapter 2, of volume 11 of the Collected Works, our assumptions are
overturned.
POSSESSIVES
We’re
actually going to follow the Chicago Manual (CMS15, 7.17): “The
possessive of most singular nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and
an s, and the possessive of plural nouns (except for a few
irregular plurals that do not end in s) by adding an apostrophe only.”
Kansas’s weather the Lincolns’ marriage
Burns’s
poetry dinner at the Browns’ home
Marx’s
theories the Martinezes’ daughter
Berlioz’s works
Strauss’s Vienna
Dickens’s novels
Exception (CM 7.20): “The possessive is formed without an additional s
for a name of two or more syllables that ends in an eez
sound.”
Euripides’ tragedies
the Ganges’ source
Xerxes’ armies
QUOTATIONS. See EXTRACTS and TRANSLATIONS
SPELLING AND TERMS
Follow
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., and Webster’s Third
New International Dictionary for spelling and for hyphenation. If more
than one spelling is provided in the dictionary, follow the first form given
(e.g., use judgment, rather than judgement; use focused,
rather than focussed). Common foreign terms are set in roman type. Common foreign terms (such as bon vivant, ad hoc, realpolitik,
and ex post facto) are defined as those with main entries in
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed.
Foreign official titles, however, are not italicized
(comptroller general, garde des sceaux, etc.), since it would look peculiar to
have an italicized title followed by a Roman name, and inconsistent to have the
title italicized when there is no name and Roman when there is a name.
Prefixes are hyphenated before numerals and proper nouns; they are also
hyphenated to prevent confusion (e.g., reform, re-form). Temporary compound adjectives are hyphenated before the noun to avoid ambiguity
but are always open after the noun. Non-English phrases used as modifiers
are open in any position, unless hyphenated in the original.
Put
neologisms within quotation marks at first use.
A term
referred to as the term itself is italicized.
In the
twentieth century socialism has acquired many meanings.
The
word hermeneutics is the most overused term in recent monographs.
The
term lyricism was misused in Smith’s book review.
TRANSLATIONS
When an original
non-English title and its translation appear together in the text, the first
version (whether original or translation) takes the form of an original title,
and the second version is always enclosed in parentheses and italicized.
The
first time I read Mi nombre es Roberto (My Name Is Roberto) was
probably in the summer of 1989.
The
first time I read My Name Is Roberto (Mi nombre es Roberto) was
probably in the summer of 1989.
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Eighteenth-Century Life
University of Wyoming
Department of English - 3353
1000 E. University Ave.
Laramie, WY 82071-2000
(307)766-6298
e-mail: reverand@uwyo.edu
